French forces killed Algerian rebels, December 1954 In the early morning hours of November 1, 1954, FLN maquisards (guerrillas) attacked military and civilian targets throughout Algeria in what became known as the (Red ). From, the FLN broadcast a proclamation calling on Muslims in Algeria to join in a national struggle for the 'restoration of the Algerian state – sovereign, democratic and social – within the framework of the principles of Islam.' It was the reaction of Premier (), who only a few months before had completed the liquidation of France's tete empire in, which set the tone of French policy for five years. He declared in the National Assembly, 'One does not compromise when it comes to defending the internal peace of the nation, the unity and integrity of the Republic. The Algerian departments are part of the French Republic. They have been French for a long time, and they are irrevocably French.
Aug 9, 2011 - The state even sent representatives to Algeria and India to report on French. These migrations eventually led to a language shift: in the 1926 Census. Latinica ili kirillica: problema vybora alfavita v belorusskom. The Algerian War remains a contentious event today. According to historian Benjamin Stora, one of the leading historians on the Algerian war, memories concerning the war remain fragmented, with no common ground to speak of: There is no such thing as a history of the Algerian War; there is just a multitude of histories and personal paths through it.
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Between them and metropolitan France there can be no conceivable secession.' At first, and despite the of May 8, 1945, and the pro-Independence struggle before World War II, most Algerians were in favor of a relative status-quo. While Messali Hadj had radicalized by forming the FLN, Ferhat Abbas maintained a more moderate, electoral strategy.
Fewer than 500 (pro-Independence fighters) could be counted at the beginning of the conflict. The Algerian population radicalized itself in particular because of the terrorist acts of French-sponsored (Red Hand) group, which targeted anti-colonialists in all of the region (Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria), killing, for example, Tunisian activist in 1952. The six historical Leaders of the FLN:,,,,. On the political front, the FLN worked to persuade—and to coerce—the Algerian masses to support the aims of the independence movement through contributions. FLN-influenced labor unions, professional associations, and students' and women's organizations were created to lead opinion in diverse segments of the population, but here too, violent coercion was widely used., a psychiatrist from who became the FLN's leading political theorist, provided a sophisticated intellectual justification for the use of violence in achieving national liberation. From, ordered the liquidation of potential interlocuteurs valables, those independent representatives of the community acceptable to the French through whom a compromise or reforms within the system might be achieved.
As the FLN campaign of influence spread through the countryside, many European farmers in the interior (called ), many of whom lived on lands taken from Muslim communities during the nineteenth century, sold their holdings and sought refuge in and other Algerian cities. After a series of bloody, random massacres and bombings by Muslim Algerians in several towns and cities, the French Pieds-Noirs and urban French population began to demand that the French government engage in sterner countermeasures, including the proclamation of a state of emergency, capital punishment for political crimes, denunciation of all separatists, and most ominously, a call for 'tit-for-tat' reprisal operations by police, military, and para-military forces. Vigilante units, whose unauthorized activities were conducted with the passive cooperation of police authorities, carried out ratonnades (literally, rat-hunts, raton being a racist term for denigrating Muslim Algerians) against suspected FLN members of the Muslim community. By 1955, effective political action groups within the Algerian colonial community succeeded in convincing many of the Governors General sent by Paris that the military was not the way to resolve the conflict. A major success was the conversion of, who went to Algeria as governor general in January 1955 determined to restore peace. Soustelle, a one-time leftist and by 1955 an ardent Gaullist, began an ambitious reform program (the ) aimed at improving economic conditions among the Muslim population. After the Philippeville massacre [ ].